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The Microsoft text-to-speech voices are speech synthesizers provided for use with applications that use the Microsoft Speech API (SAPI) or the Microsoft Speech Server Platform. There are client, server, and mobile versions of Microsoft text-to-speech voices. Client voices are shipped with Windows operating systems; server voices are available for download for use with server applications such as Speech Server, Lync etc. for both Windows client and server platforms, and mobile voices are often shipped with more recent versions of Windows Phone. Windows 10 also brings the mobile text to speech voices to the desktop starting with the Anniversary Update.

• 1Voices
  • 1.4Windows 10 and later

Voices[edit]

Windows 2000 and XP[edit]

Microsoft Sam is the default text-to-speech male voice in Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. It is used by Narrator, the screen reader program built into the operating system.

Microsoft Mike and Microsoft Mary are optional male and female voices respectively, available for download from the Microsoft website. Michael and Michelle are also optional male and female voices licensed by Microsoft from Lernout & Hauspie, and available through Microsoft Office XP and Microsoft Office 2003 or Microsoft Reader.

There are both SAPI 4 and SAPI 5 versions of these text-to-speech voices. SAPI 4 voices are only available on Windows 2000 and later Windows NT-based operating systems. While SAPI 5 versions of Microsoft Mike and Microsoft Mary are downloadable only as a Merge Module,^[1] the installable versions may be installed on end users' systems by speech applications such as Microsoft Reader. SAPI 4 redistributable versions are downloadable for Windows 9x, although no longer from the Microsoft website.

Microsoft Sam, Microsoft Mike and Microsoft Mary can be used on Windows Vista and later with a third-party program (like Speakonia and TTSReader) installed on the machine that supports these operating systems; however, the speech patterns differ from the Windows XP versions of these voices. In addition, LH Michael and LH Michelle can work on Windows 7 and later if Speakonia and the SAPI 4 version of the voices in British English is downloaded.

Windows Vista and 7[edit]

Beginning with Windows Vista and Windows 7, Microsoft Anna is the default English voice. It is a SAPI5-only female voice and is designed to sound more natural than Microsoft Sam.^[2]Microsoft Streets & Trips 2006 and later install the Microsoft Anna voice on Windows XP systems for the voice-prompt direction feature. There is no male voice shipping with Windows Vista and Windows 7. A female voice called Microsoft Lili that replaces the earlier male SAPI5 voice 'Microsoft Simplified Chinese' is available in Chinese versions of Windows Vista and Windows 7. It can also be obtained in non-Chinese versions of Windows 7 or Vista by installing the Chinese language pack.

In 2010, Microsoft released the newer Speech Platform compatible voices for Speech Recognition and Text-to-Speech for use with client and server applications. These voices are available in 26 languages^[3] and can be installed on Windows client and server operating systems. Speech Platform voices unlike SAPI 5 voices, are female-only, no male voices are released publicly yet.

Windows 8 and 8.1[edit]

In Windows 8, there are three new client (desktop) voices - Microsoft David (US male), Hazel (UK female) and Zira (US female) which sound more natural than the now-eliminated Microsoft Anna. The server versions of these voices are available via above mentioned Speech Platform for operating systems earlier than Windows 8. Unlike Windows 7 or Vista, one cannot use any third-party program for Microsoft Anna because there is no Anna Voice API for download. Other voices are available for specific language versions of either Windows 8 or Windows 8.1.^{[citation needed]}

Windows 10 and later[edit]

In Windows 10, Microsoft Hazel was removed from the US English Language Pack and the Microsoft voices for Mobile (Phone/tablet) are available (Microsoft Mark and Microsoft Zira). These are the same voices found on Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows 10 Mobile.

Also with these voices language packs are also available for a variety of voices similar to that of Windows 8 and 8.1. None of these voices match the Cortana text-to-speech voice which can be found on Windows Phone 8.1, Windows 10, and Windows 10 Mobile.

In an attempt to unify its software with Windows 10, all of Microsoft's current platforms use the same text-to-speech voices except for Microsoft David and a few others.

Mobile[edit]

Every mobile voice package has the combination of male/female, while most of the desktop voice packages have only female voices. All mobile voices have been made universal and any user who downloads the language pack of that choice will have one extra male and female voice per that package.

A hidden text-to-speech voice in Windows 10 called Microsoft Eva Mobile is present within the system. Users can download a pre-packaged registry file from the windowsreport.com website. Microsoft Eva is believed to be the early voice for Cortana until Microsoft replaced her with the voice of Jen Taylor in most areas.

These voices are updated with Windows to sound more natural than in the original version as seen in the Windows 10 Update.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Speech SDK 5.1
2. ^Chambers, Rob (August 29, 2006). 'Microsoft Anna - The new TTS voice in Vista'. MSDN Blogs. Microsoft. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
3. ^http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh361572.aspx

External links[edit]

• Official website^{[dead link]}

Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE, or more commonly known as WAV due to its filename extension; pronounced 'wave' or /ˈwæv/WAV^[6])^[3][7][8][9] is an audio file format standard, developed by Microsoft and IBM, for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It is an application of the Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) bitstream format method for storing data in 'chunks', and thus is also close to the 8SVX and the AIFF format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Microsoft Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The usual bitstream encoding is the linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) format.

• 1Description
  • 1.1Specification
• 3Popularity

Description[edit]

The WAV file is an instance of a Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) defined by IBM and Microsoft.^[10] The RIFF format acts as a 'wrapper' for various audio coding formats.

Though a WAV file can contain compressed audio, the most common WAV audio format is uncompressed audio in the linear pulse code modulation (LPCM) format. LPCM is also the standard audio coding format for audio CDs, which store two-channel LPCM audio sampled at 44,100 Hz with 16 bits per sample. Since LPCM is uncompressed and retains all of the samples of an audio track, professional users or audio experts may use the WAV format with LPCM audio for maximum audio quality.^[11] WAV files can also be edited and manipulated with relative ease using software.

The WAV format supports compressed audio using, on Microsoft Windows, the Audio Compression Manager. Any ACM codec can be used to compress a WAV file. The user interface (UI) for Audio Compression Manager may be accessed through various programs that use it, including Sound Recorder in some versions of Windows.

Beginning with Windows 2000, a WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE header was defined which specifies multiple audio channel data along with speaker positions, eliminates ambiguity regarding sample types and container sizes in the standard WAV format and supports defining custom extensions to the format chunk.^[4][5][12]

There are some inconsistencies in the WAV format: for example, 8-bit data is unsigned while 16-bit data is signed, and many chunks duplicate information found in other chunks.

Specification[edit]

RIFF[edit]

A RIFF file is a tagged file format. It has a specific container format (a chunk) that includes a four character tag (FourCC) and the size (number of bytes) of the chunk. The tag specifies how the data within the chunk should be interpreted, and there are several standard FourCC tags. Tags consisting of all capital letters are reserved tags. The outermost chunk of a RIFF file has a RIFF form tag; the first four bytes of chunk data are a FourCC that specify the form type and are followed by a sequence of subchunks. In the case of a WAV file, those four bytes are the FourCC WAVE. The remainder of the RIFF data is a sequence of chunks describing the audio information.

The advantage of a tagged file format is that the format can be extended later without confusing existing file readers.^[13] The rule for a RIFF (or WAV) reader is that it should ignore any tagged chunk that it does not recognize.^[14] The reader won't be able to use the new information, but the reader should not be confused.

The specification for RIFF files includes the definition of an INFO chunk. The chunk may include information such as the title of the work, the author, the creation date, and copyright information. Although the INFO chunk was defined in version 1.0, the chunk was not referenced in the formal specification of a WAV file. If the chunk were present in the file, then a reader should know how to interpret it, but many readers had trouble. Some readers would abort when they encountered the chunk, some readers would process the chunk if it were the first chunk in the RIFF form,^[15] and other readers would process it if it followed all of the expected waveform data. Consequently, the safest thing to do from an interchange standpoint was to omit the INFO chunk and other extensions and send a lowest-common-denominator file. There are other INFO chunk placement problems.

RIFF files were expected to be used in international environments, so there is CSET chunk to specify the country code, language, dialect, and code page for the strings in a RIFF file.^[16] For example, specifying an appropriate CSET chunk should allow the strings in an INFO chunk (and other chunks throughout the RIFF file) to be interpreted as Cyrillic or Japanese characters.

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RIFF also defines a JUNK chunk whose contents are uninteresting.^[17] The chunk allows a chunk to be deleted by just changing its FourCC. The chunk could also be used to reserve some space for future edits so the file could be modified without being rewritten. A later definition of RIFF introduced a similar PAD chunk.^[18]

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RIFF WAVE[edit]

The toplevel definition of a WAV file is:^[19]

The definition shows a toplevel RIFF form with the WAVE tag. It is followed by a mandatory <fmt-ck> format chunk that describes the format of the sample data that follows. The format chunk includes information such as the sample encoding, number of bits per channel, the number of channels, the sample rate. The WAV specification includes some optional features. The optional fact chunk reports the number of samples for some compressed coding schemes. The cue point (cue ) chunk identifies some significant sample numbers in the wave file. The playlist chunk allows the samples to be played out of order or repeated rather than just from beginning to end. The associated data list allows labels and notes (labl and note) to be attached to cue points; text annotation (ltxt) may be given for a group of samples (e.g., caption information). Finally, the mandatory wave data chunk contains the actual samples (in the specified format).

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Note that the WAV file definition does not show where an INFO chunk should be placed. It is also silent about the placement of a CSET chunk (which specifies the character set used).

The RIFF specification attempts to be a formal specification, but its formalism lacks the precision seen in other tagged formats. For example, the RIFF specification does not clearly distinguish between a set of subchunks and an ordered sequence of subchunks. The RIFF form chunk suggests it should be a sequence container.^[20] The specification suggests a LIST chunk is also a sequence: 'A LIST chunk contains a list, or ordered sequence, of subchunks.'^[21] However, the specification does not give a formal specification of the INFO chunk; an example INFO LIST chunk ignores the chunk sequence implied in the INFO description.^[22] The LIST chunk definition for <wave-data> does use the LIST chunk as a sequence container with good formal semantics.

The WAV specification allows for not only a single, contiguous, array of audio samples, but also discrete blocks of samples and silence that are played in order. Most WAV files use a single array of data. The specification for the sample data is confused:^[23]

These productions are confused. Apparently <data-list> (undefined) and <wave-list> (defined but not referenced) should be identical. Even if that problem is fixed, the productions then allow a <data-ck> to contain a recursive<wave-data> (which implies data interpretation problems). The specification should have been something like:

to avoid the recursion.

WAV files can contain embedded IFF 'lists', which can contain several 'sub-chunks'.^[24][25][26]

Metadata[edit]

As a derivative of RIFF, WAV files can be tagged with metadata in the INFO chunk. In addition, WAV files can embed any kind of metadata, including but not limited to Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) data or ID3 tags^[27] in extra chunks. Applications may not handle this extra information or may expect to see it in a particular place. Although the RIFF specification requires that applications ignore chunks they do not recognize, some applications are confused by additional chunks.^{[citation needed]}

Popularity[edit]

Uncompressed WAV files are large, so file sharing of WAV files over the Internet is uncommon. However, it is a commonly used file type, suitable for retaining first generation archived files of high quality, for use on a system where disk space is not a constraint, or in applications such as audio editing, where the time involved in compressing and uncompressing data is a concern.

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The usage of the WAV format has more to do with its familiarity and simple structure. Because of this, it continues to enjoy widespread use with a variety of software applications, often functioning as a 'lowest common denominator' when it comes to exchanging sound files among different programs.

Use by broadcasters[edit]

In spite of their large size, uncompressed WAV files are sometimes used by some radio broadcasters, especially those that have adopted a tapeless system.

• BBC Radio in the UK uses 48 kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV audio as standard in their SCISYS dira! audio editing and playout system.
• The UK Commercial radio company Global Radio uses 44.1 kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV files in the Genesys playout system, and throughout their broadcast chain.
• The ABC 'D-Cart' system, which was developed by the Australian broadcaster, uses 48 kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV files, which is identical to that of Digital Audio Tape.
• The Digital Radio Mondiale consortium uses WAV files as an informal standard for transmitter simulation and receiver testing.

Limitations[edit]

The WAV format is limited to files that are less than 4 GiB, because of its use of a 32-bit unsigned integer to record the file size header. Although this is equivalent to about 6.8 hours of CD-quality audio (44.1 kHz, 16-bit stereo), it is sometimes necessary to exceed this limit, especially when greater sampling rates, bit resolutions or channel count are required. The W64 format was therefore created for use in Sound Forge. Its 64-bit header allows for much longer recording times. The RF64 format specified by the European Broadcasting Union has also been created to solve this problem.

Non-audio data[edit]

Since the sampling rate of a WAV file can vary from 1 Hz to 4.3 GHz, and the number of channels can be as high as 65535, .wav files have also been used for non-audio data. LTspice, for instance, can store multiple circuit trace waveforms in separate channels, at any appropriate sampling rate, with the full-scale range representing ±1 V or A rather than a sound pressure.^[28]

Audio CDs[edit]

Audio CDs do not use the WAV file format, using instead Red Book audio. The commonality is that both audio CDs and WAV files encode the audio as uncompressed PCM. WAV is a file format for a computer to use that cannot be understood by most CD players directly. To record WAV files to an Audio CD the file headers must be stripped and the remaining PCM data written directly to the disc as individual tracks with zero-padding added to match the CD's sector size. In order for a WAV file to be able to be burned to a CD, it should be in the 44100 Hz, 16-bit stereo format.

Comparison of coding schemes[edit]

Audio in WAV files can be encoded in a variety of audio coding formats, such as GSM or MP3, to reduce the file size.

This is a reference to compare the monophonic (not stereophonic) audio quality and compression bitrates of audio coding formats available for WAV files including PCM, ADPCM, Microsoft GSM 06.10, CELP, SBC, Truespeech and MPEG Layer-3.

The above are WAV files; even those that use MP3 compression have the '.wav' extension.

See also[edit]

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• Broadcast Wave Format (BWF)
• RF64, an extended file format for audio (multichannel file format enabling file sizes to exceed 4 gigabytes)

References[edit]

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1. ^Microsoft Corporation (June 1998). 'WAVE and AVI Codec Registries - RFC 2361'. IETF. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
2. ^'File Extension .WAV Details'. Filext.com. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
3. ^ ^abIBM Corporation and Microsoft Corporation (August 1991), Multimedia Programming Interface and Data Specifications 1.0, archived from the original(TXT) on 2009-04-17, retrieved 2009-12-06
4. ^ ^abP. Kabal (2006-06-19). 'Audio File Format Specifications - WAVE or RIFF WAVE sound file'. McGill University. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
5. ^ ^ab'Multiple Channel Audio Data and WAVE Files'. Microsoft Corporation. 2007-03-07. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
6. ^'Definition of WAV file in English'. Oxford English Living Dictionary.
7. ^IBM Corporation and Microsoft Corporation (August 1991). 'Multimedia Programming Interface and Data Specifications 1.0'. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
8. ^Library of Congress (2008-09-12). 'WAVE Audio File Format'. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
9. ^Microsoft Corporation (June 20, 1999). 'Waveform Audio File Format, MIME Sub-type Registration - INTERNET-DRAFT'. IETF. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
10. ^IBM; Microsoft (August 1991), Multimedia Programming Interface and Data Specifications 1.0
11. ^Branson, Ryan (21 October 2015). 'What Makes WAV Better than MP3'. Online Video Converter. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
12. ^EBU (July 2009), EBU Tech 3306 - MBWF / RF64: An Extended File Format for Audio(PDF), retrieved 2010-01-19
13. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, p. 1-1, 'The main advantage of RIFF is its extensibility; file formats based on RIFF can be future-proofed, as format changes can be ignored by existing applications.'
14. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, PDF p. 56, 'Programs must expect (and ignore) any unknown chunks encountered, as with all RIFF forms.'
15. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, PDF p. 60 shows an example WAV file with an INFO chunk in this position.
16. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, pp. 2-17 to 2-18
17. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, pp. 2–18
18. ^Microsoft Multimedia Standards Update, New Multimedia Data Types and Data Techniques, Revision 3.0, April 15, 1994, page 6.
19. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, PDF p. 56
20. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, PDF p. 56 specifies sequencing information in the RIFF form of a WAV file consistent with the formalism: 'However, <fmt-ck> must always occur before <wave-data>, and both of these chunks are mandatory in a WAVE file.'
21. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, PDF p. 23
22. ^IBM & Microsoft 1991, PDF p. 21, INAM appears before ICOP
23. ^Specification from IBM & Microsoft 1991 which also describes how the production syntax is interpreted.
24. ^'WAVE File Format'. archive.org. 1999-11-15. Archived from the original on 1999-11-15. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
25. ^'WAVE PCM soundfile format'. archive.org. 2003-01-20. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
26. ^'The WAVE File Format'. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
27. ^'ExportPCM.cpp - audacity - Audacity: Free, Cross-Platform Audio Editor and Recorder - Google Project Hosting'. Code.google.com. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
28. ^'LTspice IV'(PDF). Linear Technologies Corporation. 2009. p. 95. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2015-09-04.

External links[edit]

• WAVE file format specifications - from McGill University, (Last update: 2011-01-03)
• WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE Specification from Microsoft (Updated on March 7, 2007)
• More information on WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE - University of Bath
• WAVE File Format - technical details (1999)
• Exif tags; see, for example, page 128

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